All the coded documents were last accessed on 15 March 2025.
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CHINESE EMBASSY IN THE NETHERLANDS (2023). “Xi Jinping Delivers a Video Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the 2023 World Internet Conference Wuzhen Summit”. 8 November [online]. Available at: http://nl.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgyw/202311/t20231127_11187680.htm
CHINESE EMBASSY IN THE UK (2023). “Chinese Ambassador to the UK Zheng Zeguang Publishes an Article in The Times to Present China’s Vision on Global AI Governance”. 13 October [online]. Available at: https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/xw/zwbd/202405/t20240530_11365902.html
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CREEMERS, R. et al. (2018). “Translation: Xi Jinping’s April 20 Speech at the National Cybersecurity and Informatization Work Conference”. DIGICHINA, Stanford University. Translation published 30 April 2021 [online]. Available at: https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-xi-jinpings-april-20-speech-at-the-national-cybersecurity-and-informatization-work-conference/
CREEMERS, R. et al. (2021). “Translation: Xi Jinping’s Speech to the Politburo Study Session on the Digital Economy – Oct. 2021”. DIGICHINA, Stanford University. 28 January [online]. Available at: https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-xi-jinpings-speech-to-the-politburo-study-session-on-the-digital-economy-oct-2021/
CREEMERS, R.; KANIA, E. (2018). “Translation: Xi Jinping Calls for ‘Healthy Development’ of AI, October 31”. DIGICHINA, Stanford University. Translation published 5 November 2018 [online]. Available at: https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/xi-jinping-calls-for-healthy-development-of-ai-translation/
CSET (2020). “Translation. Xi Jinping: Speech at the Symposium of Scientists”. 11 September 2020. Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET). Georgetown University. Translation date 29 September 2020 [online]. Available at: https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/t0211_Xi_Jinping_science_speech_EN.pdf
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FMPRC (2023). “Full text: Remarks by Li Xi at the Summit of the Group of 77 and China”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 9 September [online]. Available at: https://www.mfa.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xw/zyjh/202405/t20240530_11341765.html
FRIEDLAND, A. (2025). “U.S. AI policy in Trump’s first month — VP Vance lays out AI plan at Paris summit, workforce cuts hit science and AI staff, Trump’s AI EO, an ‘America First Trade Policy,’ and Stargate”. Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), Georgetown University. 20 February 2025 [onine]. Avaulable at: https://cset.georgetown.edu/newsletter/february-20-2025/
GILLWALD, A.; WAVRE, V. (2024). “Rerouting Geopolitics: Narratives and the Political Power of Communications”. In: Padovani, C. et al. (eds.). Global Communication Governance at the Crossroads. Global Transformations in Media and Communication Research. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 21-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29616-1_2
HAGSTRÖM, L.; GUSTAFSSON, K. (2019). “Narrative power: How storytelling shapes East Asian international politics”. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 387-406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2019.1623498
HAI (Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence) (2022). “What The CHIPS and Science Act means for Artificial Intelligence”. HAI Stanford University Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence [online]. Available at: https://hai-production.s3.amazonaws.com/files/2022-08/HAI%20Explainer%20-%20What%20The%20CHIPS%20and%20Science%20Act%20Means%20for%20AI.pdf
HE, W.; RAMASAMY, H. (2020). “Naming and shaming China: America’s strategy of rhetorical coercion in the South China Sea”. Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 317-345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1355/CS42-3a
HEEKS, R. et al. (2024). “China’s digital expansion in the Global South: Systematic literature review and future research agenda”. The Information Society, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 69-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2024.2315875
HINE, E.; FLORIDI, L. (2022). “Artificial intelligence with American values and Chinese characteristics: a comparative analysis of American and Chinese governmental AI policies”. AI & SOCIETY, vol. 39, pp. 257-278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4006332
IKENBERRY, G.J. (2020). A world safe for democracy: Liberal internationalism and the crises of global order. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300256093
INKSTER, N. (2021). The great decoupling: China, America and the struggle for technological supremacy. London: Hurst.
JANSEN, N. et al. (2023). The Role of Geopolitical Narratives in the Process of Global Ordering and Disordering. King’s College London Law School Research Paper. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4366812
JAWORSKY, B. N.; QIAOAN, R. (2021). “The politics of blaming: The narrative battle between China and the US over COVID-19”. Journal of Chinese Political Science, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 295-315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09690-8
JOHNSON, J. (2021). “The end of military-techno. Pax Americana? Washington’s strategic responses to Chinese AI-enabled military technology”. The Pacific Review, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 351-378. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2019.1676299
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LAMS, L. (2018). “Examining strategic narratives in Chinese official discourse under Xi Jinping”. Journal of Chinese Political Science, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 387-411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-018-9529-8
LINKLATER, A. (2007). Critical theory and world politics: citizenship, sovereignty, and humanity. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203960905
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MCCARTHY, D.R. (ed.) (2017). Technology and World Politics: An Introduction. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781317353836
MEARSHEIMER, J. J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics. New York: WW Norton & Company.
MISKIMMON, A. et al. (ed.) (2018). Forging the World: Strategic Narratives and International Relations. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.6504652
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MORGADO, N. (2024). “Between the US-UK Axis and Chinese Might”. In: Cope, Z. (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Geopolitics, pp. 1-19. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25399-7_78-1
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MORI, S. (2019). “US technological competition with China: The military, industrial and digital network dimensions”. Asia-Pacific Review, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 77-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13439006.2019.1622871
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PROCHNIAK, A.; NITOIU, C. (2023). “The Role of Narratives in World Politics: Agency and Structure”. European Review of International Studies, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 56-67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/21967415-10010002
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SCHMID, S. et al. (2025). “Arms Race or Innovation Race? Geopolitical AI Development”. Geopolitics, pp. 1-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2025.2456019
SCIO (2023a). “Full text of Xi Jinping’s keynote speech at the China-Central Asia Summit”. SCIO- State Council Information Office. People’s Republic of China. 19 May [online]. Available at: http://english.scio.gov.cn/topnews/2023-05/19/content_85404786.htm
SCIO (2023b). “Full text: Remarks by Chinese President Xi Jinping at the 15th BRICS Summit”. SCIO- State Council Information Office. People’s Republic of China. 24 August [online]. Available at: http://english.scio.gov.cn/topnews/2023-08/24/content_106989931.htm
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WHITE HOUSE (2021a). “A Letter to Dr. Eric S. Lander, the President’s Science Advisor and Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy”. The White House, 15 January 2021 [online]. Available at: https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/ostp/news-updates/2021/01/15/a-letter-to-dr-eric-s-lander-the-presidents-science-advisor-and-director-of-the-office-of-science-and-technology-policy/
WHITE HOUSE (2021b). “Remarks by President Biden at the 2021 Virtual Munich Security Conference”. The White House, 19 February [online]. Available at: https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/19/remarks-by-president-biden-at-the-2021-virtual-munich-security-conference/
WHITE HOUSE (2021c). “Statement by President Joe Biden on Cybersecurity Awareness Month”. The White House, 1 October [online]. Available at: https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/10/01/statement-by-president-joe-biden-on-cybersecurity-awareness-month/
WHITE HOUSE (2022a). “Remarks by President Biden at Signing of H.R.4346, ‘The CHIPS and Science Act of 2022’”. The White House, 9 August [online]. Available at: https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/08/09/remarks-by-president-biden-at-signing-of-h-r-4346-the-chips-and-science-act-of-2022/
WHITE HOUSE (2022b). “Remarks by President Biden on Rebuilding American Manufacturing Through the CHIPS and Science Act”. Intel Groundbreaking Site New Albany, Ohio. The White House, 9 September [online]. Available at: https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/09/09/remarks-by-president-biden-on-rebuilding-american-manufacturing-through-the-chips-and-science-act/
WHITE HOUSE (2022c). “Remarks of Dr. Alondra Nelson at the White House Gathering on Technology, Civil Rights, and Democratic Values”. The White House, 4 October [online]. Available at: https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/ostp/news-updates/2022/10/04/remarks-of-dr-alondra-nelson-at-the-white-house-gathering-on-technology-civil-rights-and-democratic-values/
WHITE HOUSE (2022d). “Remarks by President Biden on the CHIPS and Science Act at IBM Poughkeepsie”. The White House, 6 October [online]. Available at: https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/10/06/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-chips-and-science-act-at-ibm-poughkeepsie/
WHITE HOUSE (2022e). “Keynote of Dr. Alondra Nelson at the World Science Forum”. The White House, 9 December [online]. Available at: https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/ostp/news-updates/2022/12/09/keynote-of-dr-alondra-nelson-at-the-world-science-forum/
WHITE HOUSE (2023a). “Remarks by President Biden in Meeting with the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology”. The White House, 4 April [online]. Available at: https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/04/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-meeting-with-the-presidents-council-of-advisors-on-science-and-technology/
WHITE HOUSE (2023b). “Remarks by President Biden on Seizing the Opportunities and Managing the Risks of Artificial Intelligence”. The White House, 20 June [online]. Available at: https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/06/20/remarks-by-president-biden-on-seizing-the-opportunities-and-managing-the-risks-of-artificial-intelligence/
WHITE HOUSE (2023c). “Remarks by President Biden on Artificial Intelligence”. The White House, 21 July [online]. Available at: https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/07/21/remarks-by-president-biden-on-artificial-intelligence/
WHITE HOUSE (2023d). “Remarks by President Biden Before Meeting with the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. San Francisco, CA”. The White House, 27 September [online]. Available at: https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/09/27/remarks-by-president-biden-before-meeting-with-the-presidents-council-of-advisors-on-science-and-technology-san-francisco-ca/
WHITE HOUSE (2023e). “Remarks by President Biden and Vice President Harris on the Administration’s Commitment to Advancing the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence”. The White House, 20 October [online]. Available at: https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/10/30/remarks-by-president-biden-and-vice-president-harris-on-the-administrations-commitment-to-advancing-the-safe-secure-and-trustworthy-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence/
WHITE HOUSE (2023f). “Remarks by Vice President Harris on the Future of Artificial Intelligence, London, United Kingdom”. The White House, 1 November [online]. Available at: https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2023/11/01/remarks-by-vice-president-harris-on-the-future-of-artificial-intelligence-london-united-kingdom/
WONG, P.N. (2021). Techno-Geopolitics: US-China Tech War and the Practice of Digital Statecraft. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003047100
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XINHUANET (2021). “Xi Focus: Xi stresses basic research for self-reliance in science and technology”. Xinhua, 29 May [online]. Available at: https://english.news.cn/20230222/68edcb945b8b4364b72a66fef0df6fa7/c.html
YANG, M. M. (2017). American Political Discourse on China. New York and London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315442600
ZHANG, M.Y. (2024). “From Dependence to Decoupling: China’s Semiconductor Self-Sufficiency amid Geopolitical Pressures”. In: C.Y. Chow, P. (eds.). Technology Rivalry Between the USA and China. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-76169-0_4
