La Màquina de Bartleby: explorar la desobediència creativa en els ordinadors

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Bruno Caldas Vianna

La idea de màquines desobedients es desenvolupa des de la perspectiva dels desenvolupaments històrics i actuals en intel·ligència artificial (IA). La desobediència s’utilitza sovint en art i tecnologia com a tema i eina. Més enllà d’això, la desobediència es presenta com una de les habilitats indispensables per la intel·ligència natural. L’article no aprofundeix en l’ús de les IA com a eina d’ajuda per la creació. En el seu lloc, especula si les IA permetran l’aparició d’un creador artificial independent i autònom. Es presenten diferents enfocaments de les IA, des del simbolisme fins a l’emergisme. Es descriuen els avantatges dels models d’aprenentatge automàtic, així com les seves limitacions, com ara la incapacitat de generar avanços fora de les seves dades d’entrenament, el seu determinisme i la incapacitat d’usar analogies per resoldre problemes inesperats. Altres habilitats humanes (o biològiques) que falten, presents en l’art, són l’emoció, la producció sense objectius i l’agència, la qual cosa és un problema fins i tot quan s’estudia la voluntat humana. Els límits del formalisme computacional són com els límits del raonament matemàtic: sempre requereixen algunes regles externes, o axiomes provats, com la prova de Gödel. La teoria de la consciència d’Hofsdtader proposa una manera de conciliar el fet que la creativitat humana també es basa en regles biològiques tancades i fixes. Finalment, s’argumenta que una màquina no pot ser creativa tret que també pugui desobeir. No obstant això, els ordinadors han de seguir un conjunt d’instruccions o deixen de funcionar, és a dir, la definició d’una màquina de Turing. Per tant, hem d’enfrontar-nos a la paradoxa de voler sistemes obedients, amb les limitacions de les màquines simbòliques, al mateix temps que exigim resultats més autònoms i creatius. És primordial explorar els comportaments erronis algorítmics que podrien eludir aquesta paradoxa per al desenvolupament addicional de IAs per les arts i la societat en general.

Paraules clau
intel·ligència artificial, art, IA simbòlica, conexionisme, xarxes neuronals convolucionals, consciència, màquina de Turing, voluntat, desobediència de la máquina

Article Details

Com citar
Caldas Vianna, Bruno. “La Màquina de Bartleby: explorar la desobediència creativa en els ordinadors”. Artnodes, no. 32, pp. 1-10, doi:10.7238/artnodes.v0i32.409664.
Biografia de l'autor/a

Bruno Caldas Vianna, Universitat d’Art i Disseny d’Hèlsinki

Viu a Barcelona i està cursant un doctorat a la Universitat de les Arts d’Hèlsinki en Arts Visuals i Aprenentatge Automàtic. Va estudiar Enginyeria informàtica però es va graduar en Estudis Cinematogràfics. Té un màster del Programa de Telecomunicacions Interactives de l’NYU. Crea narratives visuals utilitzant suports clàssics i innovadors, ha dirigit curtmetratges i llargmetratges, i també pel·lícules editades en viu, realitat augmentada, aplicacions mòbils i instal·lacions. Entre 2011 i 2016, va dirigir Nuvem, un laboratori d’art rural i espai de residència, situat entre Rio de Janeiro i San Pau, i va treballar com a professor a Oi Kabum!, una escola d’art i tecnologia de Rio fins l’any 2018.

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