Democratitzar i anticipar futurs quotidians per mitjà del disseny crític: anàlisi d’exemplars.
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Aquest article explora la relació del disseny amb el futur analitzant el potencial de democratitzar i anticipar les visions de la vida quotidiana futura en el disseny a través d’una sèrie d’exemplars de disseny-ficció i de disseny especulatiu. Les visions del futur –explícites i implícites– tenen un poder factiu propi. Això és especialment cert en el disseny, els productes del qual contribueixen a donar forma a la vida de milions d’usuaris. En lloc d’advocar en favor de la visió d’un futur “millor”, però, aquest article se serveix de la investigació en el camp de les ciències socials i els estudis de futurs per sostenir la importància de diversificar i reforçar les visions de la vida quotidiana futura en el disseny. El disseny crític està ben preparat per contribuir a aquest objectiu perquè qüestiona l’statu quo i és relatable i factible per als dissenyadors. L’article analitza el potencial que tenen els exemplars de disseny crític de democratitzar i anticipar la vida quotidiana futura.
Per aprofundir en la seva incidència en la vida quotidiana futura, s’aplica als exemplars el model del con de futurs, que inclou futurs probables, possibles i preferits. Aquest model va fer sorgir una distinció entre dues formes d’implicació crítica en el futur: les ficcions alternatives i les ficcions extrapolatives. Les ficcions alternatives se situen explícitament fora dels futurs previstos, mentre que les ficcions extrapolatives se situen explícitament dins d’aquests. Les dues tenen els seus punts forts i les seves limitacions en la democratització i l’anticipació de la vida quotidiana futura.
Les ficcions alternatives utilitzen actors com a “persones del futur” i creen escenes que representen contextos del futur, però també poden incloure aplicacions en contextos actuals per explorar relacions alternatives entre humans i ginys. Les ficcions alternatives solen anar acompanyades de pràctiques de disseny alternatives. Les ficcions extrapolatives no inclouen aplicacions i rarament proposen pràctiques de disseny alternatives, però poden contribuir notablement a fer palesos perills poc visibilitzats dels objectius del disseny majoritari.
El disseny crític pot i ha de contribuir a democratitzar i anticipar la vida quotidiana futura. Les ficcions alternatives i extrapolatives es poden complementar mútuament en la consecució d’aquest objectiu. Les ficcions extrapolatives qüestionen l’statu quo des de dins i utilitzen el poder del disseny per destacar aspectes poc visibilitzats dels futurs previstos. Les ficcions alternatives qüestionen l’statu quo des de fora i utilitzen el poder del disseny per generar creativament diferents objectes que es poden utilitzar per desplegar maneres de viure alternatives i el seu context associat. Cal investigar més com es poden integrar millor les ficcions crítiques en les pràctiques majoritàries de disseny.
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(c) Lenneke Kuijer, 2020
Lenneke Kuijer, Universitat Tecnològica d’Eindhoven (TU/e)
Lenneke Kuijer és professora adjunta del grup Future Everyday del departament de Disseny Industrial de la Universitat Tecnològica d’Eindhoven. Des que va començar la seva tesi de doctorat el 2008, la Lenneke ha treballat en els punts de contacte entre les teories de pràctica social, disseny i demanda d’energia domèstica. Va fer el seu postdoctorat al centre DEMAND de la Universitat de Sheffield (Regne Unit). Durant els últims quatre anys s’ha centrat en la interacció home-màquina (HCI) i, concretament, en la relació entre tecnologies “intel·ligents” (i els seus processos de disseny) i els canvis en la vida quotidiana. Recentment ha obtingut una prestigiosa beca del Consell Holandès d’Investigació (NWO) que li ha permès estudiar més a fons aquestes relacions.
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