International sanctions on Iran: effects on relations with the European Union

Article Sidebar

pdf (Castellano)

Main Article Content

Paloma González del Miño
Profesora titular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9710-1750
David Hernández Martínez
Investigador postdoctoral, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7103-7423

International sanctions return Iran to the centre of the international debate. President Donald Trump's interest in implementing new economic, political and military sanctions against the country is forcing European executives to redefine their regional strategy, just when they had resumed fluid trade and diplomatic relations with Tehran. This paper analyses Iran's relations with some EU members, especially France, Germany and the United Kingdom, and examines the European response in 2006 and the positions taken in the current context. It also studies the effects of past sanctions on Iranian-European bilateral relations. The research goes on to address the different European positions on the decision to impose new sanctions and discusses their possible consequences for Iran and third countries.

Keywords
Iran, International sanctions, European Union, regional strategy, nuclear programme

Article Details

How to Cite
González del Miño, Paloma; and Hernández Martínez David. “International sanctions on Iran: effects on relations with the European Union”. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, no. 125, pp. 165-86, doi:10.24241/rcai.2020.125.2.165.
References

Adebahr, Cornelius. «The nuclear deal turns two: barely alive o already dead?». Global Policy, vol. 9, n.°1 (2018), p. 151-152. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12536

Alcaro, Riccardo. Europe and Iran’s nuclear crisis. Lead Groups and EU foreign policy-making. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.

Amuzegar, Jahangir. The Islamic Republic of Iran. Reflections on an emerging economy. Londres: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

Arce, Natalia. «La cuestión nuclear en las relaciones entre la Unión Europea y la República Islámica de Irán (2003-2006): de la “Política Negociadora” al Consejo de Seguridad de Naciones Unidas». Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, n.° 3 (2007), p. 73-89.

Barnett, Michael. «Institutions, roles and disorder: the case of the arab system ». International studies quarterly, n.° 37 (1993), p. 271-296. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600809

Bernabeu, Queren. «El problema de la no proliferación: Irán y su derecho a la energía nuclear». El Orden Mundial. (1 de julio de 2015) (en línea) [Fecha de consulta: 05.11.19] https://elordenmundial.com/iran-y-su-derecho-laenergia-nuclear/

Björkdahl, Annika. «Norms in International Relations: some conceptual and methodological reflections». Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 15, n.° 1 (2002), p. 9-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570220126216

Blavaoukos, Spyros; y Bourantonis, Dimitris. «Do sanctions strenghten the International Presence of the EU?». European Foreign Affairs Reviw, vol. 19, n.° 3 (2014), p. 393-410.

Castro, José Ignacio. «El resurgimiento de Irán como potencia tras el levantamiento de las sanciones internacionales». Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional, vol. 2, n.° 2 (2016), p. 11-30. https://doi.org/10.18847/1.4.2

Chekel, Jeffrey T. «The constructivist turn in international relations theory». International Security, vol. 23, n.° 1 (1998), p. 171-200. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.23.1.171

Dueck, Colin y Takeyh, Ray. «Iran’s nuclear challenge». Political Science Quarterly, vol. 122, n.° 2 (2007), p. 189-205. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165X.2007.tb00596.x

Ehteshami, Anoushiravan. «The foreign policy of Iran». En: Ehteshami, Anoushiravan y Hinnebusch, Raymond A. Syria and Iran. Middle powers in a penetrated regional system. Boulder, Co. Lynne Rienner, 2002, p. 283-309.

Fair, Christine y Shellman, Stephen. «Determinants of Popular Support for Iran’s Nuclear Program: Insights from a Nationally Representative Survey».Contemporary Security Policy, vol. 29, n.° 3 (2008), p. 538-558. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260802514688

Farrell, Theo. «Constructivist security studies: portrait of a research program». International Studies Review, vol. 4, n.° 1 (2002), p. 49-72.

Fitzpatrick, Mark. (2017): «Assessing the JCPOA». Adelphi Series, vol. 57, n.° 466-467 (2017), p. 19-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/19445571.2017.1555914

Garcés de los Fayos, Fernando. «In search of an effective EU policy for Iran». En Blockmans, Steven; Ehteshami, Anoushiravan y Bahgat, Gawdat (eds.). EUIran relations after the nuclear deal. Bruselas: CEPS, 2016, p. 33-37.

Garduño, Moises. «La crisis de confianza y el balance de poder entre Irán y las Grandes Potencias en la “cuestión nuclear”». Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, n.° 10 (2011), p. 72-81.

Gordon, Philip. «A visión of Trump at war». Foreign Affaris, vol. 96, n.° 3 (2017), p. 10-19.

Harnisch, Sebastian. «Iran and European Union politics». Politics, Oxford Research Encyclopedia, (agosto de 2019) (en línea) https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1483

Hernández, David. (2018): «La Guardia Revolucionaria de Irán, defensora de la república islámica». El Orden Mundial, (23 de agosto de 2018) (en línea) [Fecha de consulta: 06.11.19] https://elordenmundial.com/guardia-revolucionaria-de-iran/

Hopf, Ted. «The promise of constructivism in International Relations Theory». International Security, vol. 23, n.° 1 (1998), p. 171-200. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.23.1.171

Izewicz, Paulina. (2018): «The Iran nuclear deal two years on: future unclear and getting worse». Med Agenda - Special Issue [What Future for the Iran Nuclear Deal?]: MEDAC Publications in Mediterranean IR and Diplomacy, (2018), p. 20-32.

Katzman, Kenneth. The Persian Gulf States. Post-war issues. Nueva York: Novinka Books, 2004.

Kaussler, Bernd. «From engagement to containment: EU-Iran relations and the nuclear programme, 1992-2011». Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, vol. 14, n.° 1 (2012), p. 53-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2012.656935

Khan, Mehreen. «Federica Mogherini, Europe’s diplomat taking on Donald Trump». Financial Times, (18 de agosto de 2018) (en línea) [Fecha de consulta: 11.11.19] https://www.ft.com/content/ab3d31dc-9c7d-11e8-9702-5946bae86e6d

Kienzle, Benjamin. «Between human rights and non-proliferation: norm competition in the EU’s Iran policy». UNISCI Discussion Papers, n.° 30 (2012), p. 77-91.

Kreutz, Joakim. Hard measure by a soft power? Sanctions policy of the European Union 1981-2004 [Paper 45]. Bonn: BICC, 2005.

Lamont, Christopher. Research methods in international relations. Londres: SAGE, 2015.

Lynch, Marc. «Obama and the Middle East. Rightsizing the U.S. Role». Foreign Affairs, vol. 94, n.° 5 (2015), p. 18-27.

Maloney, Suzanne. «Sanctioning Iran: if only it were so simple». The Washington Quarterly, vol. 33, n.° 1 (2010), p. 131-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/01636600903430673

Nasr, Vali y Takeyh, Ray. «The Costs of Containing Iran - Washington’s Misguided NewMiddle East Policy». Foreign Affairs, vol. 87, n.° 1 (2008), p. 85-94.

Nugroho, Ganjar. «Constructivism and International Relations Theories». Global & Strategies, vol. 2, n.° 1, (2008), p. 85-98.

Onuf, Nicholas. «Constructivism: a user’s manual». En: Kubálková, Vendulka; Onuf, Nicholas y Kower, Paul (ed.). International relations in a constructed world. Londres: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 1998, p. 58-78.

Portela, Clara. «EU strategies to tackle the Iranian and North Korean nuclear issues». En: Blavoukos, Spyros; Bourantonis, Dimitris y Portela, Clara (eds.). The EU and the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Strategies, policies, actions. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p. 188-204.

Portela, Clara. «Are European Union sanctions targeted?». Cambridge Review of International Affaris, vol. 29, n.° 3 (2016), p. 912-929. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2016.1231660

Ramazani, Ruhi. K. «Ideology and pragmatism in Iran’s foreign policy». The Middle East Journal. vol. 58, n.° 4 (2004), p. 549-559. https://doi.org/10.3751/194034604783997123

Rodríguez, Javier. «La política exterior de la Unión Europea y el programa nuclear de Irán». Análisis GESI, (15 de diciembre de 2014) (en línea) [Fecha de consulta: 15.11.19] http://www.seguridadinternacional.es/?q=es/content/la-pol%C3%ADtica-exterior-de-la-uni%C3%B3n-europea-y-el-programanuclear-de-ir%C3%A1n

Shirazi, Homayoun; Azarbaiejani, Karim y Sameti, Morteza. «The effect of Economic sanctions on Iran’s export». Iranian Economic Review, vol. 20, n.° 1 (2016), p. 111-124.

Shirvani, Tara y Vuković, Siniša. «After the Iran nuclear deal: Europe’s pain and gain». The Washington Quarterly, vol. 38, n.° 3 (2015), p. 79-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2015.1099026

Soltani, Fakhreddin y Amiri, Reza, E. «Foreign policy of Iran after Islamic Revolution ». Journal of Politics and Law, vol. 3, n.° 2 (2010), p. 199-206. https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v3n2p199

Thompson, Jack y Thränert, Oliver. «Trump preparing to end Iran nuke deal». ETH Zürich, Research Collection, (agosto de 2017) (en línea) [Fecha de consulta: 06.11.19] https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/181637

Ünver Noi, Aylin. «Iran’s Nuclear Programme: The EU Approach to Iran in Comparison to the US’ Approach». Perceptions, (2005), p. 79-101.

Vakil, Sanam. «Iran: balancing east against west». The Washington Quarterly, vol. 29, n.° 4 (2006), p. 51-65. https://doi.org/10.1162/wash.2006.29.4.51

Wendt, Alexander. «Collective identity formation and the international state». The American Political Science Review, vol. 88, n.° 2 (1994), p. 384-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2944711

Zaccara, Luciano. «La comunidad internacional ante la cuestión iraní». Cuadernos de Estrategia, n.° 144 (2010), p. 123-155.

Zaccara, Luciano. «Irán: política interior, economía y sociedad». Anuario Internacional CIDOB (2016) (en línea) [Fecha de consulta: 06.11.19] http://anuariocidob.org/iran-perfil-de-pais-politica-interior-economia-y-sociedad/

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.