Not such an exceptional presence: Spaniards in the opium business in East Asia (1815-1843)

This text analyses the Spanish presence in Cantonese trade and, by extension, in East Asia. Lt was not such an exceptional presence and was the result of previous activities and interaction with individuals, networks and corporations of other nationalities. lt identifies links with the Spanish empire (with silver, Philippine credit and products), in addition to the leading role of certain individuals (mainly Basques) with their networks in the lndian and Pacific Oceans. It also highlights the role of the unknown Royal Philippine Company. Likewise, it spotlights the leading role of the Philippine economy in Asia, emphasising its connection with the opium business and Cantonese trade, as a result of Philippine Creole initiatives following the end of the Manila Galleon. Detailing common Spanish and British (mainly Scottish) interests, the article also makes reference to recent redefinitions of the "Canton System", which highlight the predominance of collaboration, rather than confrontation, during its development.