Una introducción al uso de los potenciales evocados en el estudio del lenguaje
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Juan Haro
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
La técnica de potenciales evocados consiste en el registro de la actividad eléctrica cerebral generada tras la presentación de un estímulo. Gracias a su elevada resolución temporal, del orden de milisegundos, esta técnica es útil para analizar con precisión el curso temporal del procesamiento del lenguaje. La investigación con potenciales evocados ha logrado identificar algunos patrones de actividad cerebral asociados a distintos niveles del procesamiento y representación del lenguaje. Entre los más estudiados se encuentran el potencial de disparidad (MMN), asociado a la fonología, y los componentes N400 y P600, asociados a la semántica y sintaxis, respectivamente.
Paraules clau
potenciales evocados, lenguaje, EEG, N400, P600, potencial de disparidad
Article Details
Com citar
Haro, Juan. «Una introducción al uso de los potenciales evocados en el estudio del lenguaje». Estudios de lingüística del español, 2022, vol.VOL 45, p. 185-04, http://raco.cat/index.php/Elies/article/view/403746.
Referències
Álvarez García, Esther. 2022. Lo que esconden tus ojos: la metodología eye-tracking
aplicada al estudio del lenguaje. Estudios de Lingüística del Español 45: 205-239.
Balota, David A.; Abrams, Richard A. 1995. Mental chronometry: beyond onset latencies
in the lexical decision task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition 21.5: 1289-1302.
Barber, Horacio A.: Otten, Leun J.; Kousta, Stavroula-Thaleia; Vigliocco, Gabriella.
2013. Concreteness in word processing: ERP and behavioral effects in a lexical
decision task. Brain and language 125.1: 47-53.
Beretta, Alan; Fiorentino, Robert; Poeppel, David. 2005. The effects of homonymy and
polysemy on lexical access: An MEG study. Cognitive Brain Research 24.1: 57-
65.
Berger, Hans. 1929. Über das elektroenkephalogramm des menschen. Archiv für
psychiatrie und nervenkrankheiten 87.1: 527-570.
Bonte, Milene L.; Mitterer, Holger; Zellagui, Nadia; Poelmans, Hanne; Blomert, Leo.
2005. Auditory cortical tuning to statistical regularities in phonology. Clinical
Neurophysiology 116.12: 2765-2774.
Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Ina; Schlesewsky, Matthias. 2008. An alternative perspective
on “semantic P600” effects in language comprehension. Brain research reviews
59.1: 55-73.
Borowsky, Ron; Masson, Michael E. 1996. Semantic ambiguity effects in word
identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and
Cognition 22.1: 63-85.
Brown, Colin; Hagoort, Peter. 1993. The processing nature of the N400: Evidence from
masked priming. Journal of cognitive neuroscience 5.1: 34-44.
Chennu, Srivas; Bekinschtein, Tristan A. 2012. Arousal modulates auditory attention and
awareness: insights from sleep, sedation, and disorders of consciousness. Frontiers
in psychology 3: 65.
Cheour, Marie; Ceponiene, Rita; Lehtokoski, Anne; Luuk, Aavo; Allik, Jüri; Alho,
Kimmo; Näätänen, Risto. 1998. Development of language-specific phoneme
representations in the infant brain. Nature neuroscience 1.5: 351-353.
Dehaene-Lambertz, Ghislaine. 1997. Electrophysiological correlates of categorical
phoneme perception in adults. NeuroReport 8.4: 919-924.
Garrod, Simon. 2006. Psycholinguistic research methods. En K. Brown, ed. Encyclopedia
of Language and Linguistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 251-257.
Geukes, Sebastian; Huster, René J.; Wollbrink, Andreas; Junghöfer, Markus;
Zwitserlood, Pienie; Dobel, Christian. 2013. A large N400 but no BOLD effect–
comparing source activations of semantic priming in simultaneous EEG-fMRI.
PloS one 8.12: e84029.
Gunter, Thomas C.; Friederici, Angela D.; Schriefers, Herbert. 2000. Syntactic gender
and semantic expectancy: ERPs reveal early autonomy and late interaction. Journal
of cognitive neuroscience 12.4: 556-568.
Gunter, Thomas C.; Stowe, Laurie A.; Mulder, Gusbertus. 1997. When syntax meets
semantics. Psychophysiology 34.6: 660-676.
Hagoort, Peter; Brown, Colin; Groothusen, Jolanda. 1993. The syntactic positive shift
(SPS) as an ERP measure of syntactic processing. Language and cognitive
processes 8.4: 439-483.
Hahne, Anja; Friederici, Angela D. 1999. Electrophysiological evidence for two steps in
syntactic analysis: Early automatic and late controlled processes. Journal of
cognitive neuroscience 11.2: 194-205.
Hammond, Constance; Esclapez, Monique. 2015. The chemical synapses. En C.
Hammond, ed. Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology. Amsterdam: Academic
Press, pp. 121-144
Haro, Juan; Demestre, Josep; Boada, Roger; Ferré, Pilar. 2017. ERP and behavioral
effects of semantic ambiguity in a lexical decision task. Journal of Neurolinguistics
44: 190-202.
Henderson, John M.; Luke, Steven G.; Schmidt, Joseph; Richards, John E. 2013. Coregistration of eye movements and event-related potentials in connected-text
paragraph reading. Frontiers in systems neuroscience 7: 28.
Hino, Yasushi; Lupker, Stephen J. 1996. Effects of polysemy in lexical decision and
naming: An alternative to lexical access accounts. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 22.6: 1331-1356.
Holcomb, Phillip J. 1993. Semantic priming and stimulus degradation: Implications for
the role of the N400 in language processing. Psychophysiology 30.1: 47-61.
Igoa, José Manuel. Las tareas conductuales en la investigación sobre el procesamiento
del lenguaje. Estudios de Lingüística del Español 45: 133-158.
Kaan, Edith; Harris, Anthony; Gibson, Edward; Holcomb, Phillip. 2000. The P600 as an
index of syntactic integration difficulty. Language and cognitive processes 15.2:
159-201.
Kaan, Edith; Swaab, Tamara Y. 2003. Repair, revision, and complexity in syntactic
analysis: An electrophysiological differentiation. Journal of cognitive neuroscience
15.1: 98-110.
Kiefer, Markus. 2002. The N400 is modulated by unconsciously perceived masked
words: Further evidence for an automatic spreading activation account of N400
priming effects. Cognitive Brain Research 13.1: 27-39.
Kounios, John; Holcomb, Phillip J. 1994. Concreteness effects in semantic processing:
ERP evidence supporting dual-coding theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20.4: 804-823.
Kutas, Marta; Federmeier, Kara D. 2011. Thirty years and counting: Finding meaning in
the N400 component of the event related brain potential (ERP). Annual Review of
Psychology 62: 621-647.
Kutas, Marta; Hillyard, Steven A. 1980. Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials
reflect semantic incongruity. Science 207.4427: 203-205.
Kutas, Marta; Lindamood, Timothy E.; Hillyard, Steven A. 1984. Word expectancy and
event-related brain potentials during sentence processing. En E.S. Kornblum y J.
Requin, eds. Preparatory states and processes. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates Inc, pp. 217-237.
Laszlo, Sarah; Federmeier, Kara D. 2011. The N400 as a snapshot of interactive
processing: Evidence from regression analyses of orthographic neighbor and lexical
associate effects. Psychophysiology 48.2: 176-186.
Luck, Steven J. 2005. An introduction to the event-related potential technique.
Cambridge: MIT Press
Mancini, Simona; Molinaro, Nicola; Rizzi, Luigi; Carreiras, Manuel. 2011. A person is
not a number: Discourse involvement in subject–verb agreement computation.
Brain research 1410: 64-76.
Marrero-Aguiar, Victoria. 2022. Aportación de las investigaciones con neuroimagen
funcional a los estudios lingüísticos: algunas preguntas y respuestas. Estudios de
Lingüística del Español 45: 159-183.
Möttönen, Riikka; Krause, Christina M.; Tiippana, Kaisa; Sams, Mikko. 2002. Processing
of changes in visual speech in the human auditory cortex. Cognitive Brain Research
13.3: 417-425.
Münte, Thomas F.; Heinze, Hans-Jochen; Matzke, Mike; Wieringa, Bernardina M.;
Johannes, Sönke. 1998. Brain potentials and syntactic violations revisited: No
evidence for specificity of the syntactic positive shift. Neuropsychologia 36.3: 217-
226.
Münte, Thomas F.; Szentkuti, Andras; Wieringa, Bernardina M.; Matzke, Mike;
Johannes, Sönke. 1997. Human brain potentials to reading syntactic errors in
sentences of different complexity. Neuroscience Letters 235.3: 105-108.
Näätänen, Risto; Lehtokoski, Anne; Lennes, Mietta; Cheour, Marie; Huotilainen, Minna;
Iivonnen, Antti; Vainio, Martti; Alku, Paavo; Ilmoniemi, Risto J.; Luuk, Aavo;
Allik, Jüri; Sinkkonen, Janne; Alho, Kimmo. 1997. Language-specific phoneme
representations revealed by electric and magnetic brain responses. Nature
385.6615: 432-434.
Näätänen, Risto; Paavilainen, Petri; Rinne, Teemu; Alho, Kimmo. 2007. The mismatch
negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review.
Clinical neurophysiology 118.12: 2544-2590.
Nunez, Paul L.; Silberstein, Richard B.; Cadusch, Peter J.; Wijesinghe, Ranjith S.;
Westdorp, Andrew F.; Srinivasan, Ramesh. 1994. A theoretical and experimental
study of high resolution EEG based on surface Laplacians and cortical imaging.
Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology 90.1: 40-57.
Osterhout, Lee; Holcomb, Phillip J. 1992. Event-related brain potentials elicited by
syntactic anomaly. Journal of memory and language 31.6: 785-806.
Osterhout, Lee, Poliakov, Andrew, Inoue, Kayo, McLaughlin, Judith, Valentine,
Geoffrey, Pitkanen, Ilona; Frenck-Mestre, Cheryl; Hirschensohn, Julia. 2008.
Second-language learning and changes in the brain. Journal of neurolinguistics
21.6: 509-521.
Petsche, Hellmuth; Etlinger, Susan C. 1998. EEG and thinking - power and coherence
analysis of cognitive processes. Vienna: Verlag der Osterreichschen Akademie der
Wissenschaften.
Pexman, Penny M.; Hino, Yasushi; Lupker, Stephen J. 2004. Semantic ambiguity and the
process of generating meaning from print. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition 30.6: 1252-1270.
Pulvermüller, Friedemann; Shtyrov, Yury. 2006. Language outside the focus of attention:
the mismatch negativity as a tool for studying higher cognitive processes. Progress
in neurobiology 79.1: 49-71.
Rabovsky, Milena; Sommer, Werner; Rahman, Rasha Abdel. 2012. Depth of conceptual
knowledge modulates visual processes during word reading. Journal of Cognitive
Neuroscience 24.4: 990-1005.
Rodd, Jennifer; Gaskell, Gareth; Marslen-Wilson, William. 2002. Making sense of
semantic ambiguity: Semantic competition in lexical access. Journal of Memory
and Language 46.2: 245-266.
Rodd, Jennifer.; Gaskell, Gareth; Marslen‐Wilson, William. 2004. Modelling the effects
of semantic ambiguity in word recognition. Cognitive science 28.1: 89-104.
Silverman, Daniel. 1963. The rationale and history of the 10-20 system of the
International Federation. American Journal of EEG Technology3.1: 17-22.
Sun, Yi; Wei, Changwei; Cui, Victoria; Xiu, Meihong; Wu, Anshi. 2020.
Electroencephalography: Clinical applications during the perioperative period.
Frontiers in Medicine 7: 251.
Walter, W. Grey. 1936. The location of cerebral tumours by electro-encephalography.
The Lancet 2: 305-308.
Walter, William Grey; Dovey, Vivian Joan. 1944. Electro-encephalography in cases of
sub-cortical tumour. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 7.3-4: 57-
65.
Wang, Lin; Wlotko, Edward; Alexander, Edward; Schoot, Lotte; Kim, Minjae; Warnke,
Lena; Kuperberg, Gina R. 2020. Neural evidence for the prediction of animacy
features during language comprehension: Evidence from MEG and EEG
Representational Similarity Analysis. Journal of Neuroscience 40.16: 3278-3291.
Yeom, Seul-Ki; Fazli, Siamac; Müller, Kaus-Robert: Lee, Swong-Whan. 2014. An
efficient ERP-based brain-computer interface using random set presentation and
face familiarity. PLOS ONE 9.11: e111157.
aplicada al estudio del lenguaje. Estudios de Lingüística del Español 45: 205-239.
Balota, David A.; Abrams, Richard A. 1995. Mental chronometry: beyond onset latencies
in the lexical decision task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning,
Memory, and Cognition 21.5: 1289-1302.
Barber, Horacio A.: Otten, Leun J.; Kousta, Stavroula-Thaleia; Vigliocco, Gabriella.
2013. Concreteness in word processing: ERP and behavioral effects in a lexical
decision task. Brain and language 125.1: 47-53.
Beretta, Alan; Fiorentino, Robert; Poeppel, David. 2005. The effects of homonymy and
polysemy on lexical access: An MEG study. Cognitive Brain Research 24.1: 57-
65.
Berger, Hans. 1929. Über das elektroenkephalogramm des menschen. Archiv für
psychiatrie und nervenkrankheiten 87.1: 527-570.
Bonte, Milene L.; Mitterer, Holger; Zellagui, Nadia; Poelmans, Hanne; Blomert, Leo.
2005. Auditory cortical tuning to statistical regularities in phonology. Clinical
Neurophysiology 116.12: 2765-2774.
Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Ina; Schlesewsky, Matthias. 2008. An alternative perspective
on “semantic P600” effects in language comprehension. Brain research reviews
59.1: 55-73.
Borowsky, Ron; Masson, Michael E. 1996. Semantic ambiguity effects in word
identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and
Cognition 22.1: 63-85.
Brown, Colin; Hagoort, Peter. 1993. The processing nature of the N400: Evidence from
masked priming. Journal of cognitive neuroscience 5.1: 34-44.
Chennu, Srivas; Bekinschtein, Tristan A. 2012. Arousal modulates auditory attention and
awareness: insights from sleep, sedation, and disorders of consciousness. Frontiers
in psychology 3: 65.
Cheour, Marie; Ceponiene, Rita; Lehtokoski, Anne; Luuk, Aavo; Allik, Jüri; Alho,
Kimmo; Näätänen, Risto. 1998. Development of language-specific phoneme
representations in the infant brain. Nature neuroscience 1.5: 351-353.
Dehaene-Lambertz, Ghislaine. 1997. Electrophysiological correlates of categorical
phoneme perception in adults. NeuroReport 8.4: 919-924.
Garrod, Simon. 2006. Psycholinguistic research methods. En K. Brown, ed. Encyclopedia
of Language and Linguistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 251-257.
Geukes, Sebastian; Huster, René J.; Wollbrink, Andreas; Junghöfer, Markus;
Zwitserlood, Pienie; Dobel, Christian. 2013. A large N400 but no BOLD effect–
comparing source activations of semantic priming in simultaneous EEG-fMRI.
PloS one 8.12: e84029.
Gunter, Thomas C.; Friederici, Angela D.; Schriefers, Herbert. 2000. Syntactic gender
and semantic expectancy: ERPs reveal early autonomy and late interaction. Journal
of cognitive neuroscience 12.4: 556-568.
Gunter, Thomas C.; Stowe, Laurie A.; Mulder, Gusbertus. 1997. When syntax meets
semantics. Psychophysiology 34.6: 660-676.
Hagoort, Peter; Brown, Colin; Groothusen, Jolanda. 1993. The syntactic positive shift
(SPS) as an ERP measure of syntactic processing. Language and cognitive
processes 8.4: 439-483.
Hahne, Anja; Friederici, Angela D. 1999. Electrophysiological evidence for two steps in
syntactic analysis: Early automatic and late controlled processes. Journal of
cognitive neuroscience 11.2: 194-205.
Hammond, Constance; Esclapez, Monique. 2015. The chemical synapses. En C.
Hammond, ed. Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology. Amsterdam: Academic
Press, pp. 121-144
Haro, Juan; Demestre, Josep; Boada, Roger; Ferré, Pilar. 2017. ERP and behavioral
effects of semantic ambiguity in a lexical decision task. Journal of Neurolinguistics
44: 190-202.
Henderson, John M.; Luke, Steven G.; Schmidt, Joseph; Richards, John E. 2013. Coregistration of eye movements and event-related potentials in connected-text
paragraph reading. Frontiers in systems neuroscience 7: 28.
Hino, Yasushi; Lupker, Stephen J. 1996. Effects of polysemy in lexical decision and
naming: An alternative to lexical access accounts. Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 22.6: 1331-1356.
Holcomb, Phillip J. 1993. Semantic priming and stimulus degradation: Implications for
the role of the N400 in language processing. Psychophysiology 30.1: 47-61.
Igoa, José Manuel. Las tareas conductuales en la investigación sobre el procesamiento
del lenguaje. Estudios de Lingüística del Español 45: 133-158.
Kaan, Edith; Harris, Anthony; Gibson, Edward; Holcomb, Phillip. 2000. The P600 as an
index of syntactic integration difficulty. Language and cognitive processes 15.2:
159-201.
Kaan, Edith; Swaab, Tamara Y. 2003. Repair, revision, and complexity in syntactic
analysis: An electrophysiological differentiation. Journal of cognitive neuroscience
15.1: 98-110.
Kiefer, Markus. 2002. The N400 is modulated by unconsciously perceived masked
words: Further evidence for an automatic spreading activation account of N400
priming effects. Cognitive Brain Research 13.1: 27-39.
Kounios, John; Holcomb, Phillip J. 1994. Concreteness effects in semantic processing:
ERP evidence supporting dual-coding theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20.4: 804-823.
Kutas, Marta; Federmeier, Kara D. 2011. Thirty years and counting: Finding meaning in
the N400 component of the event related brain potential (ERP). Annual Review of
Psychology 62: 621-647.
Kutas, Marta; Hillyard, Steven A. 1980. Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials
reflect semantic incongruity. Science 207.4427: 203-205.
Kutas, Marta; Lindamood, Timothy E.; Hillyard, Steven A. 1984. Word expectancy and
event-related brain potentials during sentence processing. En E.S. Kornblum y J.
Requin, eds. Preparatory states and processes. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates Inc, pp. 217-237.
Laszlo, Sarah; Federmeier, Kara D. 2011. The N400 as a snapshot of interactive
processing: Evidence from regression analyses of orthographic neighbor and lexical
associate effects. Psychophysiology 48.2: 176-186.
Luck, Steven J. 2005. An introduction to the event-related potential technique.
Cambridge: MIT Press
Mancini, Simona; Molinaro, Nicola; Rizzi, Luigi; Carreiras, Manuel. 2011. A person is
not a number: Discourse involvement in subject–verb agreement computation.
Brain research 1410: 64-76.
Marrero-Aguiar, Victoria. 2022. Aportación de las investigaciones con neuroimagen
funcional a los estudios lingüísticos: algunas preguntas y respuestas. Estudios de
Lingüística del Español 45: 159-183.
Möttönen, Riikka; Krause, Christina M.; Tiippana, Kaisa; Sams, Mikko. 2002. Processing
of changes in visual speech in the human auditory cortex. Cognitive Brain Research
13.3: 417-425.
Münte, Thomas F.; Heinze, Hans-Jochen; Matzke, Mike; Wieringa, Bernardina M.;
Johannes, Sönke. 1998. Brain potentials and syntactic violations revisited: No
evidence for specificity of the syntactic positive shift. Neuropsychologia 36.3: 217-
226.
Münte, Thomas F.; Szentkuti, Andras; Wieringa, Bernardina M.; Matzke, Mike;
Johannes, Sönke. 1997. Human brain potentials to reading syntactic errors in
sentences of different complexity. Neuroscience Letters 235.3: 105-108.
Näätänen, Risto; Lehtokoski, Anne; Lennes, Mietta; Cheour, Marie; Huotilainen, Minna;
Iivonnen, Antti; Vainio, Martti; Alku, Paavo; Ilmoniemi, Risto J.; Luuk, Aavo;
Allik, Jüri; Sinkkonen, Janne; Alho, Kimmo. 1997. Language-specific phoneme
representations revealed by electric and magnetic brain responses. Nature
385.6615: 432-434.
Näätänen, Risto; Paavilainen, Petri; Rinne, Teemu; Alho, Kimmo. 2007. The mismatch
negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review.
Clinical neurophysiology 118.12: 2544-2590.
Nunez, Paul L.; Silberstein, Richard B.; Cadusch, Peter J.; Wijesinghe, Ranjith S.;
Westdorp, Andrew F.; Srinivasan, Ramesh. 1994. A theoretical and experimental
study of high resolution EEG based on surface Laplacians and cortical imaging.
Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology 90.1: 40-57.
Osterhout, Lee; Holcomb, Phillip J. 1992. Event-related brain potentials elicited by
syntactic anomaly. Journal of memory and language 31.6: 785-806.
Osterhout, Lee, Poliakov, Andrew, Inoue, Kayo, McLaughlin, Judith, Valentine,
Geoffrey, Pitkanen, Ilona; Frenck-Mestre, Cheryl; Hirschensohn, Julia. 2008.
Second-language learning and changes in the brain. Journal of neurolinguistics
21.6: 509-521.
Petsche, Hellmuth; Etlinger, Susan C. 1998. EEG and thinking - power and coherence
analysis of cognitive processes. Vienna: Verlag der Osterreichschen Akademie der
Wissenschaften.
Pexman, Penny M.; Hino, Yasushi; Lupker, Stephen J. 2004. Semantic ambiguity and the
process of generating meaning from print. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory, and Cognition 30.6: 1252-1270.
Pulvermüller, Friedemann; Shtyrov, Yury. 2006. Language outside the focus of attention:
the mismatch negativity as a tool for studying higher cognitive processes. Progress
in neurobiology 79.1: 49-71.
Rabovsky, Milena; Sommer, Werner; Rahman, Rasha Abdel. 2012. Depth of conceptual
knowledge modulates visual processes during word reading. Journal of Cognitive
Neuroscience 24.4: 990-1005.
Rodd, Jennifer; Gaskell, Gareth; Marslen-Wilson, William. 2002. Making sense of
semantic ambiguity: Semantic competition in lexical access. Journal of Memory
and Language 46.2: 245-266.
Rodd, Jennifer.; Gaskell, Gareth; Marslen‐Wilson, William. 2004. Modelling the effects
of semantic ambiguity in word recognition. Cognitive science 28.1: 89-104.
Silverman, Daniel. 1963. The rationale and history of the 10-20 system of the
International Federation. American Journal of EEG Technology3.1: 17-22.
Sun, Yi; Wei, Changwei; Cui, Victoria; Xiu, Meihong; Wu, Anshi. 2020.
Electroencephalography: Clinical applications during the perioperative period.
Frontiers in Medicine 7: 251.
Walter, W. Grey. 1936. The location of cerebral tumours by electro-encephalography.
The Lancet 2: 305-308.
Walter, William Grey; Dovey, Vivian Joan. 1944. Electro-encephalography in cases of
sub-cortical tumour. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 7.3-4: 57-
65.
Wang, Lin; Wlotko, Edward; Alexander, Edward; Schoot, Lotte; Kim, Minjae; Warnke,
Lena; Kuperberg, Gina R. 2020. Neural evidence for the prediction of animacy
features during language comprehension: Evidence from MEG and EEG
Representational Similarity Analysis. Journal of Neuroscience 40.16: 3278-3291.
Yeom, Seul-Ki; Fazli, Siamac; Müller, Kaus-Robert: Lee, Swong-Whan. 2014. An
efficient ERP-based brain-computer interface using random set presentation and
face familiarity. PLOS ONE 9.11: e111157.