Entre la voluntad de Allāh y las balas de los jnūn la epidemia de peste de 1799 y 1800 en Marruecos
Article Sidebar
Citacions a Google Acadèmic
Main Article Content
Araceli González Vázquez
Institución Milà i Fontanals-CSIC
La peste que golpeó Marruecos en 1799 y 1800 fue una epidemia sin precedentes. En este artículo, examino algunas observaciones hechas sobre la peste por el agente comercial británico James Grey Jackson, en particular sus ideas sobre las comprensiones islámicas locales de la agencia de los jnūn y de Dios (Allāh) en la aparición de esta enfermedad.
Article Details
Com citar
González Vázquez, Araceli. “Entre la voluntad de Allāh y las balas de los jnūn: la epidemia de peste de 1799 y 1800 en Marruecos”. Dynamis: Acta Hispanica ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam, vol.VOL 42, no. 1, pp. 13-35, https://raco.cat/index.php/Dynamis/article/view/411001.
Referències
Anónimo, “Extrait de deux lettres de Broussonnet, voyageur de l´Institut, au C. L´Héritier,
en date des 11 et 19 messidor dernier, de Mogodor.” Magasin encyclopédique, no.
5 (1799): 410-412.
Anónimo, “Varieties, literary and philosophical.” The Monthly Magazine, no. 9 (London:
Phillips, 1800): 279.
Aurora General Advertise. Ag 14, 1799, 3.
Bellakhdar, Jamal. La pharmacopée marocaine traditionelle. Médecine Arabe ancienne et
savoirs populaires. Paris/Casablanca: Ibis Press/Le Fennec, 1997.
Booker, John. Maritime Quarantine: The British Experience, c. 1650-1900. Aldershot:
Ashgate, 2007.
Buffa, John. Travels through the empire of Morocco. Londres: Stockdale, 1810.
Bulmus, Bilsen. Plague, Quarantines and Geopolitics in the Ottoman Empire. Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press, 2012.
Chase-Levenson, Alex. The Yellow Flag: Quarantine and the British Mediterranean World,
1780-1860. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Chtatou, Mohamed. “Morocco in English travel literature: a look at J.G. Jackson´s account”. The Journal of North African Studies 1, no. 1 (1996): 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629389608718265
Conrad, Lawrence. “Tāʿūn and Wabāʾ Conceptions of Plague and Pestilence in Early Islam.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, no. 2 (1982): 268-307. https://doi.org/10.2307/3632188
Daniel J. Schroeter, “Mohamed El Mansour: Morocco in the reign of Mawlay Sulayman. xiv,
248 pp. Wisbech, Cambs: Middle East and North African Studies Press Ltd., 1990.”
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 56, no. 1 (1993): 135-136.
Diario de Madrid. Nov 4, 1834, s.p.
Diario de Madrid. Sept 26, 1800, s.p.
Díaz Salgado, José. Systema physico medico-politico de la peste. Madrid: Antonio Sanz, 1756.
Dols, Michael W. “Al-Manbiji´s Report of the Plague: A Treatise on the Plague of 764-5/1362-4 in the Middle East.” In The Black Death: The Impact of the Fourteenthcentury Plague, edited by Daniel Williman, 65-76. Binghamton, 1982.
Dols, Michael Walters. The Black Death in the Middle East. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.
El Bezzaz, Mohammed Amine. “La peste de 1798-1800 au Maroc”. Hespéris-Tamuda 23,
no. 1 (1985): 57-81.
El Mansour, Mohamed. Political and social development in Morocco during the reign of
Mawlay Sulayman (1792-1822). London: University of London, 1981
El Mansour, Mohamed. Morocco in the Reign of Mawlay Sulayman. Cambridgeshire: Menas
Press, 1990.
El Mansour, Mohamed. Relation de l´empire de Maroc de James Grey Jackson. Rabat:
Université Mohammed V, 2005.
El-Bezzaz, Mohammed. Al-maǧlis al-ṣih. h.ī al-duwalī f ī al-Maġrib, 1792-1929 [El Consejo
Sanitario Internacional de Marruecos, 1792-1929]. Al-Ribāṭ: Kulliyyāt al-ādāb
wa-ʿulūm al-insāniyyaẗ bi-al-Ribāṭ, 2000.
Ezzahidi, Malika. “Quarantine in Ceuta and Malta in the travel writings of the late eighteenth-century Moroccan ambassador Ibn Uthmân Al-Meknassî.” In Mediterranean Quarantines, 1750-1914: Space, Identity and Power, edited by John Chircop and Francisco Javier Martínez, 109-124. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2018.
González Vázquez, Araceli. Mujeres, islam y alteridades en el norte de Marruecos. Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra, 2015.
Green Mountain Patriot. Ene 16, 1800, 2.
Grey Jackson, James. “Manuscript note,” John Randall, accessed April 15th, 2020, https://
www.booksofasia.com.
Grey Jackson, James. An Account of the Empire of Marocco, and the districts of Suse and
Tafilelt. London: W. Bulmer and Co., 1811.
Grey Jackson, James. An Account of Timbuctoo and Housa. London: Longman et al., 1820.
Hopley, Russell. “Contagion in Islamic lands. Responses from Medieval Andalusia and North Africa.” Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies 10, no. 2 (2010): 45-64. https://doi:10.1553/jem.2011.0006
J.J., “Letter,” Gentleman´s magazine, no. 2 (1805): 123-125.
Jackson´s Oxford Journal. Ene 12, 1799, 4.
Jackson´s Oxford Journal. Oct 12, 1799, 1.
Journals of the House of Commons. May 8, 1800, 55 y 244.
Justel Calabozo, Braulio. “El doctor Masdevall, protomédico del sultán marroquí Muley Solimán”. Al-Andalus-Magreb, no. 2 (1994): 167-202.
Justel Calabozo, Braulio. El médico Coll en la corte del sultán de Marruecos. Cádiz: Universidad de Cádiz, 1991.
Lempriere, William. A tour from Gibraltar to Tangier. Londres, Walter: Johnson and Sewell, 1791.
MacLean, Charles. The evils of Quarantine Laws. London: Underwood, 1824.
Maryland Gazette. Ag 29, 1799, 1.
Michon, Jean-Louis. Le soufi marocain Ahmad Ibn’ Ajîba et son Mi’râj. Glossaire de la
mystique musulmane. París: J. Vrin, 1973.
Nükhet, Varlik, ed. Plague and Contagion in the Islamic Mediterranean: New Histories of Disease in Ottoman Society. Kalamazoo: Arc Humanities Press, 2017.
Ober, William B., and Nabil Aloush. “The plague at Granada, 1348-1349: Ibn Al-Khatib and ideas of contagion”. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 58, no. 4 (1982): 418-424
Philadelphia Inquirer. Ag 20, 1799, 2
Poughkeepsie Journal. Ag 27, 1799, 2.
Renaud, Henri-Paul-Joseph. “Recherches historiques sur les épidémies du Maroc: Un
nouveau document marocain sur la peste de 1799.” Hespéris 5 (1925): 83-90.
Renaud, Henri-Paul-Joseph. “Recherches historiques sur les épidémies du Maroc: La peste
de 1799 d´après des documents inédits.” Hespéris 1 (1921): 160-182.
Schroeter, Daniel J. The Sultan´s Jew: Morocco and the Sephardi World. Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 2002.
Semanario de agricultura y artes dirigido a los párrocos (Nov 6 y 13, 1800, 201, 202).
Stearns, Justin K. (@kaohu11). “All of the works referred to here supported the understanding that plague was transmissible and defended fleeing from it. It needs to be stressed that this was not a majority view of pre-modern Muslims, though it was espoused by a large minority.” Twitter, Mar 18, 2020, 2:23 p.m,
https://twitter.com/kaohu11/status/1240267623306334209.
Stearns, Justin K. Infectious ideas. Contagion in Premodern Islamic and Christian Thought
in the Western Mediterranean. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2011.
Stearns, Justin. “Enduring the Plague. Ethical Behavior in the Fatwas of a FourteenthCentury Mufti and Theologian”. In Muslim Medical Ethics. From Theory to Practice, edited by Jonathan E. Brockopp and Thomas Eich, 38-54. Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press, 2008.
Stoller, Paul. “Embodying Colonial Memories.” American Anthropologist 96, no. 3 (1994): 634-648. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1994.96.3.02a00110
Stoller, Paul. Embodying Colonial Memories: Spirit Possession, Power, and the Hausa in West Africa. Londres: Routledge, 1995. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315021669
The Derby Mercury. Apr 17, 1800, 2.
The Evening Mail. Jul 10, 1799, 4.
The Evening Mail. Nov 01, 1799, 2.
The Evening Mail. Oct 9, 1799, 2.
The Evening Mail. Sept 27, 1799, 1.
The Observer. Ag 25, 1799, 2.
The Observer. Nov 17, 1799, 3.
“The plague in Barbary.” The Evening Mail, Oct 4, 1799, 3.
The Times. Oct 18, 1799, 3.
The Times. Oct 8, 1799, 3.
“Viaje a la capital del imperio de Marruecos de una comisión española el año 1800.” Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica, no. 5 (1878): 19.
Villanueva Farpón, Jorge. “‘Evitarán la compañía de los poderosos’: praxis política y religiosa de la ṭarīqa Darqāwiyya de Marruecos en los discursos precoloniales y coloniales europeos (1800-1956).” PhD diss., Universidad de Salamanca, 2017.
Westermarck, Edward. “The nature of the Arab ginn, illustrated by the present beliefs of the prople of Morocco.” Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 29, no. 3-4 (1899): 252-269
en date des 11 et 19 messidor dernier, de Mogodor.” Magasin encyclopédique, no.
5 (1799): 410-412.
Anónimo, “Varieties, literary and philosophical.” The Monthly Magazine, no. 9 (London:
Phillips, 1800): 279.
Aurora General Advertise. Ag 14, 1799, 3.
Bellakhdar, Jamal. La pharmacopée marocaine traditionelle. Médecine Arabe ancienne et
savoirs populaires. Paris/Casablanca: Ibis Press/Le Fennec, 1997.
Booker, John. Maritime Quarantine: The British Experience, c. 1650-1900. Aldershot:
Ashgate, 2007.
Buffa, John. Travels through the empire of Morocco. Londres: Stockdale, 1810.
Bulmus, Bilsen. Plague, Quarantines and Geopolitics in the Ottoman Empire. Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press, 2012.
Chase-Levenson, Alex. The Yellow Flag: Quarantine and the British Mediterranean World,
1780-1860. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
Chtatou, Mohamed. “Morocco in English travel literature: a look at J.G. Jackson´s account”. The Journal of North African Studies 1, no. 1 (1996): 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629389608718265
Conrad, Lawrence. “Tāʿūn and Wabāʾ Conceptions of Plague and Pestilence in Early Islam.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, no. 2 (1982): 268-307. https://doi.org/10.2307/3632188
Daniel J. Schroeter, “Mohamed El Mansour: Morocco in the reign of Mawlay Sulayman. xiv,
248 pp. Wisbech, Cambs: Middle East and North African Studies Press Ltd., 1990.”
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 56, no. 1 (1993): 135-136.
Diario de Madrid. Nov 4, 1834, s.p.
Diario de Madrid. Sept 26, 1800, s.p.
Díaz Salgado, José. Systema physico medico-politico de la peste. Madrid: Antonio Sanz, 1756.
Dols, Michael W. “Al-Manbiji´s Report of the Plague: A Treatise on the Plague of 764-5/1362-4 in the Middle East.” In The Black Death: The Impact of the Fourteenthcentury Plague, edited by Daniel Williman, 65-76. Binghamton, 1982.
Dols, Michael Walters. The Black Death in the Middle East. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.
El Bezzaz, Mohammed Amine. “La peste de 1798-1800 au Maroc”. Hespéris-Tamuda 23,
no. 1 (1985): 57-81.
El Mansour, Mohamed. Political and social development in Morocco during the reign of
Mawlay Sulayman (1792-1822). London: University of London, 1981
El Mansour, Mohamed. Morocco in the Reign of Mawlay Sulayman. Cambridgeshire: Menas
Press, 1990.
El Mansour, Mohamed. Relation de l´empire de Maroc de James Grey Jackson. Rabat:
Université Mohammed V, 2005.
El-Bezzaz, Mohammed. Al-maǧlis al-ṣih. h.ī al-duwalī f ī al-Maġrib, 1792-1929 [El Consejo
Sanitario Internacional de Marruecos, 1792-1929]. Al-Ribāṭ: Kulliyyāt al-ādāb
wa-ʿulūm al-insāniyyaẗ bi-al-Ribāṭ, 2000.
Ezzahidi, Malika. “Quarantine in Ceuta and Malta in the travel writings of the late eighteenth-century Moroccan ambassador Ibn Uthmân Al-Meknassî.” In Mediterranean Quarantines, 1750-1914: Space, Identity and Power, edited by John Chircop and Francisco Javier Martínez, 109-124. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2018.
González Vázquez, Araceli. Mujeres, islam y alteridades en el norte de Marruecos. Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra, 2015.
Green Mountain Patriot. Ene 16, 1800, 2.
Grey Jackson, James. “Manuscript note,” John Randall, accessed April 15th, 2020, https://
www.booksofasia.com.
Grey Jackson, James. An Account of the Empire of Marocco, and the districts of Suse and
Tafilelt. London: W. Bulmer and Co., 1811.
Grey Jackson, James. An Account of Timbuctoo and Housa. London: Longman et al., 1820.
Hopley, Russell. “Contagion in Islamic lands. Responses from Medieval Andalusia and North Africa.” Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies 10, no. 2 (2010): 45-64. https://doi:10.1553/jem.2011.0006
J.J., “Letter,” Gentleman´s magazine, no. 2 (1805): 123-125.
Jackson´s Oxford Journal. Ene 12, 1799, 4.
Jackson´s Oxford Journal. Oct 12, 1799, 1.
Journals of the House of Commons. May 8, 1800, 55 y 244.
Justel Calabozo, Braulio. “El doctor Masdevall, protomédico del sultán marroquí Muley Solimán”. Al-Andalus-Magreb, no. 2 (1994): 167-202.
Justel Calabozo, Braulio. El médico Coll en la corte del sultán de Marruecos. Cádiz: Universidad de Cádiz, 1991.
Lempriere, William. A tour from Gibraltar to Tangier. Londres, Walter: Johnson and Sewell, 1791.
MacLean, Charles. The evils of Quarantine Laws. London: Underwood, 1824.
Maryland Gazette. Ag 29, 1799, 1.
Michon, Jean-Louis. Le soufi marocain Ahmad Ibn’ Ajîba et son Mi’râj. Glossaire de la
mystique musulmane. París: J. Vrin, 1973.
Nükhet, Varlik, ed. Plague and Contagion in the Islamic Mediterranean: New Histories of Disease in Ottoman Society. Kalamazoo: Arc Humanities Press, 2017.
Ober, William B., and Nabil Aloush. “The plague at Granada, 1348-1349: Ibn Al-Khatib and ideas of contagion”. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 58, no. 4 (1982): 418-424
Philadelphia Inquirer. Ag 20, 1799, 2
Poughkeepsie Journal. Ag 27, 1799, 2.
Renaud, Henri-Paul-Joseph. “Recherches historiques sur les épidémies du Maroc: Un
nouveau document marocain sur la peste de 1799.” Hespéris 5 (1925): 83-90.
Renaud, Henri-Paul-Joseph. “Recherches historiques sur les épidémies du Maroc: La peste
de 1799 d´après des documents inédits.” Hespéris 1 (1921): 160-182.
Schroeter, Daniel J. The Sultan´s Jew: Morocco and the Sephardi World. Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 2002.
Semanario de agricultura y artes dirigido a los párrocos (Nov 6 y 13, 1800, 201, 202).
Stearns, Justin K. (@kaohu11). “All of the works referred to here supported the understanding that plague was transmissible and defended fleeing from it. It needs to be stressed that this was not a majority view of pre-modern Muslims, though it was espoused by a large minority.” Twitter, Mar 18, 2020, 2:23 p.m,
https://twitter.com/kaohu11/status/1240267623306334209.
Stearns, Justin K. Infectious ideas. Contagion in Premodern Islamic and Christian Thought
in the Western Mediterranean. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2011.
Stearns, Justin. “Enduring the Plague. Ethical Behavior in the Fatwas of a FourteenthCentury Mufti and Theologian”. In Muslim Medical Ethics. From Theory to Practice, edited by Jonathan E. Brockopp and Thomas Eich, 38-54. Columbia: The University of South Carolina Press, 2008.
Stoller, Paul. “Embodying Colonial Memories.” American Anthropologist 96, no. 3 (1994): 634-648. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1994.96.3.02a00110
Stoller, Paul. Embodying Colonial Memories: Spirit Possession, Power, and the Hausa in West Africa. Londres: Routledge, 1995. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315021669
The Derby Mercury. Apr 17, 1800, 2.
The Evening Mail. Jul 10, 1799, 4.
The Evening Mail. Nov 01, 1799, 2.
The Evening Mail. Oct 9, 1799, 2.
The Evening Mail. Sept 27, 1799, 1.
The Observer. Ag 25, 1799, 2.
The Observer. Nov 17, 1799, 3.
“The plague in Barbary.” The Evening Mail, Oct 4, 1799, 3.
The Times. Oct 18, 1799, 3.
The Times. Oct 8, 1799, 3.
“Viaje a la capital del imperio de Marruecos de una comisión española el año 1800.” Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica, no. 5 (1878): 19.
Villanueva Farpón, Jorge. “‘Evitarán la compañía de los poderosos’: praxis política y religiosa de la ṭarīqa Darqāwiyya de Marruecos en los discursos precoloniales y coloniales europeos (1800-1956).” PhD diss., Universidad de Salamanca, 2017.
Westermarck, Edward. “The nature of the Arab ginn, illustrated by the present beliefs of the prople of Morocco.” Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 29, no. 3-4 (1899): 252-269