African-american english: language or dialect?
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
The standard variety of a language is one of its dialects, which is considered the norm by the prestige derived from policies, education, and the media. Within the English language, there is controversy regarding the classification of African-American English, which has implications serious in the field of education, where speakers of this variety are sometimes compared to those who display language pathologies, especially in primary school. In this study we describe the characteristics of the phonetic-phonological and morphosyntactic systems of African-American English, as well as the vision of the Anglicist, Creole, and Africanist hypotheses regarding the origins of these traits. Although reaching a conclusion about the classification of this variety is not simple, there is no doubt that its characteristics are systematic, governed by internal rules, and represent a consistent communication system among their speakers.
Article Details
(c) Author(s), 2025
Copyright
Dialectologia: revista electrònica està subjecta a una llicència Creative Commons 3.0 de Reconeixement - No Comercial - Sense Obres Derivades.ANEAS ÁLVAREZ, María Asunción (2005) “Competencia intercultural: concepto, efectos e implicaciones en el ejercicio de la ciudadanía”, Revista Iberoamericana de Educación, 35, 1-10.
BAILEY, Guy (2001) “The relationship between African American and White Vernaculars in the American South”, in S. Lanehart (ed.), Sociocultural and historical contexts of African American English, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 71-110.
BAUGH, John (2004) “Standard English and academic English (dialect) learners in the African diaspora”, Journal of English Linguistics, 32(3), 197-209.
BAILEY, Guy & Erik R. THOMAS (1998) “Some aspects of African-American Vernacular English phonology”, in S. S. Mufwene, J. R. Rickford, G. Bailey & J. Baugh (eds.), African- American English: Structure, History and Use, London [etc]: Routledge, 85-109.
COLE, J., E. R. BRITT, Erik R. THOMAS & E. L. COGGSHALL (2005) “Intonational Distinctiveness of African American English”, presented at New Ways of Analysing Variation 34, New York.
CORTÉS MORENO, Max (2001) “Fenómenos originados por las lenguas en contacto: cambio de código, préstamo lingüístico, bilingüismo y diglosia”, Wenzao Journal, 15, 295-312.
DEMONTE, Violeta (2003) Lengua estándar, norma y normas en la difusión actual de la lengua.
Circunstancia, 1. <http://hdl.handle.net/10261/13074>
DILLARD, Joey L. (1993) A History of American English, London [etc.]: Longman.
FARRINGTON Charlie, Sharese KING & Mary KOHN (2021) “Sources of variation in the speech of African Americans: Perspectives from sociophonetics”, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 12.3. <https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1550>
GREEN, Lisa J. (1998) “Remote past and states in African-American English”, American Speech, 73(2), 115-138.
GREEN, Lisa J. (2002) African American English: A linguistic introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
GREEN, Lisa J. (2004) “African American English”, in E. Finegan & J. R. Rickford (eds.), Language in the USA: Themes for the twenty-first century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 76-91.
IGLESIAS CASAL, Isabel (2003) “Construyendo la competencia intercultural: sobre creencias, conocimientos y destrezas”, Carabela, 54, 5-28.
LERER, Seth (2007) Inventing English: A portable history of the language, New York: Columbia University Press.
LOMAN, B. (1975) “Prosodic patterns in a Negro American dialect”, in H. Ringborn (ed.), Style and text: Studies presented to Nils Erik Enkvist, Stockholm: Sprakforlaget Skriptor, 219- 242.
MARTIN, Stefan & Walt WOLFRAM (1998) “The sentence in African-American vernacular English”, in S. S. Mufwene, J. R. Rickford, G. Bailey & J. Baugh (eds.), African-American English: Structure, History, and Use, New York: Routledge, 11-36.
MUFWENE, Salikoko S. (2001) “African-American English”, in J. Algeo (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 6: History of American English, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 291-324.
RICKFORD, John R. (1975) “Carrying the New Wave into syntax: The case of Black English BIN”, in
R. Fasold & R. Shuy (eds.), Analyzing Variation in Language, Washington, D. C.: Georgetown U. Press, 98-119.
RICKFORD, John R. (1999) African American Vernacular English; Features, evolution, educational implications, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
RICKFORD, John R. & Russell J. RICKFORD (2000) Spoken Soul: The story of Black English, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
SLIGH, Allison C. & Frances A. CONNERS (2003) “Relation of dialect to phonological processing: African American Vernacular English vs. Standard American English”, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 28, 205-228.
SMITHERMAN, Geneva (1999) Talkin That Talk: African American Language and Culture. London, GBR: Routledge.
TARONE, Elaine (1973) “Aspects of intonation in Black English”, American Speech, 48.1/2: 29-36. THOMAS, Erik R. (2007) “Phonological and phonetic characteristics of African American
Vernacular English”, Language and Linguistics Compass, 1/5, 450-475.
TRUDGILL, Peter (1999) “Standard English: what it isn’t”, in Tony Bex & Richard J. Watts (eds.),
Standard English: the widening debate, London: Routledge, 117-128.
WOLFRAM, Walt (2006) “African American English”, in B. B. Kachru, Y. Kachru, & C. L. Nelson (eds.), The Handbook of World Englishes, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 328- 346.
WOLFRAM, Walt & Erik R. THOMAS (2002) The Development of African American English.
Malden/Oxford: Basil Blackwell.