New linguistic evidence in favor of Bangkalan contradicts Sumenep as the Madurese language homeland

It is widely believed that Sumenep, the eastest district in Madura Island, is the homeland of Madurese. It is based on the collective memories of Madura’s people and historical factors of Madurese monarchies. Sumenep is considered as the most powerful monarchy and the center of Madurese culture includes Madurese language. Based on Madurese variation and distribution of vocoid and contoid, and transition area of three dialects (East Madurese dialect, West Madurese dialect, and Bawean dialect) in Bangkalan, it is indicated that the innovation area of Madurese language is Bangkalan. It implies that the homeland of Madurese language is not Sumenep, it is in Bangkalan.