Del terrorismo al extremismo: las políticas de prevención del extremismo violento en Europa
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Este artículo analiza la evolución del paradigma de la estrategia antiterrorista y su manifestación más reciente en Europa: las políticas de prevención del extremismo violento (PEV). A través de una amplia revisión de la literatura que evalúa la PEV a nivel europeo, este artículo se centra en las principales consecuencias políticas y sociales de estas políticas, tal y como están siendo descritas en la literatura académica. La PEV, al centrarse en elementos abstractos e ideológicos –el extremismo– y poner el foco en las ideologías relacionadas con este, da como resultado una política de prevención que penetra y securitiza esferas sociales, domésticas y privadas, al tiempo que incorpora nuevos actores relacionados con la seguridad. Como se mostrará, esta lógica resulta problemática y, en algunos casos, contraproducente.
Article Details
(c) 2021
Aiello, Emilia; Puigvert, Lidia y Shubert, Tinka. «Preventing violent radicalization of youth through dialogic evidence-based policies». International Sociology, vol. 33, n.° 4 (2018) p. 435-453.
Ali, Nadya. «Seeing and unseeing Prevent’s racialized borders». Security Dialogue, vol. 51, n.° 6 (2020), p. 579-596.
Altermark, Niklas y Nilsson, Hampus. «Crafting the “well-rounded citizen”: empowerment and the government of counterradicalization». International Political Sociology, vol. 12, n.° 1 (2018) p. 53-69.
Argomaniz, Javier. «European Union responses to terrorist use of the Internet». Cooperation and Conflict, vol. 50, n.° 2 (2015), p. 250-268.
Augestad Knudsen, Rita. «Between vulnerability and risk? Mental health in UK counter-terrorism». Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, vol. 13, n.º 1 (2021), p. 43-61.
Baker-Beall, Christopher; Heath-kelly, Charlotte y Jarvis, Lee (eds.). Counter-Radicalisation. Critical Perspectives. Abingdon y Nueva York: Routledge, 2015.
Bjørgo, Tore. «Dreams and disillusionment: engagement in and disengagement from militant extremist groups». Crime, Law and Social Change, vol. 55, n.° 4 (2011), p. 277-285.
Boukalas, Christos. «The Prevent paradox: destroying liberalism in order to protect it». Crime, Law and Social Change, vol. 72, n.° 4 (2019), p. 467-482.
Briggs, Rachel. «Community engagement for counterterrorism: lessons from the United Kingdom». International Affairs, vol. 86, n.° 4 (2010), p. 971-981.
Brighton, Shane. «British Muslims, multiculturalism and UK foreign policy: ‘integration’ and ‘cohesion’ in and beyond the state». International Affairs, vol. 83, n.° 1 (2007) p. 1-17.
Bryan, Hazel. «Developing the political citizen: How teachers are navigating the statutory demands of the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 205 and the Prevent Duty». Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, vol. 12, n.° 3 (2017), p. 213-226.
Busher, Joel; Choudry, Tufyal y Thomas, Paul. «The enactment of the counter-terrorism “Prevent duty” in British schools and colleges: beyond reluctant accommodation or straightforward policy acceptance». Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 12, n.º 3 (2019), p. 440-462.
Butler, Michelle. «Using Specialised Prison Units to Manage Violent Extremists: Lessons from Northern Ireland». Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 32, n.° 3 (2020), p. 539-557.
Cano Paños, Miguel Ángel. «La lucha contra la amenaza yihadista más allá del Derecho penal: Análisis de los programas de prevención de la radicalización y des-radicalización a nivel europeo». Revista de Estudios en Seguridad Internacional, vol. 4, n.° 2 (2018), p. 177-205.
Choudhury, Tufyal. «Campaigning on Campus: Student Islamic Societies and Counterterrorism». Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, vol. 40, n.° 12 (2017), p. 1.004-1.022.
Davies, Lynn. «Security, Extremism and Education: Safeguarding or Surveillance?». British Journal of Educational Studies, vol. 64, n.° 1 (2016), p. 1-19.
Dresser, Paul. «“Trust your instincts – act!” PREVENT police officers’ perspectives of counter-radicalisation reporting thresholds». Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 12, n.° 4 (2019), p. 605-628.
Durodie, Bill. «Securitising Education to Prevent Terrorism or Losing Direction?». British Journal of Educational Studies, vol. 64, n.° 1 (2016), p. 21-35.
Elshimi, Mohammed. «De-radicalisation interventions as technologies of the self: a Foucauldian analysis». Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 8, n.° 1 (2015), p. 110-129.
Fernández de Mosteyrín, Laura y Limón López, Pedro «Paradigmas y prevención del terrorismo: una aproximación al Plan Estratégico Nacional de Lucha contra la Radicalización Violenta (PEN-LCRV 2015)». Política y Sociedad, vol. 54, n.° 3 (2017), p. 805-827.
Ganesh, Bharath y Bright, Jonathan. «Countering Extremists on Social Media: Challenges for Strategic Communication and Content Moderation». Policy & Internet, vol. 12, n.° 1 (2020), p. 6-19.
Gielen, Amy-Jane. «Exit programmes for female jihadists: A proposal for conducting realistic evaluation of the Dutch approach». International Sociology, vol. 33, n.° 4 (2018), p. 454-472.
Gøtzsche-Astrup, Johan. «Civil society and its outside: Analysing the boundary between civil and uncivil society in the Danish anti-radicalization discourse». Journal of Civil Society, vol. 15, n.° 2 (2019), p. 162-177.
Heath-Kelly, Charlotte. «Counter‐Terrorism and the Counterfactual: Producing the ‘Radicalisation’ Discourse and the UK PREVENT Strategy». The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, vol. 15, n.° 3 (2013), p. 394-415.
Heath-Kelly, Charlotte, «Algorithmic autoimmunity in the NHS: Radicalisation and the clinic». Security Dialogue, vol. 48, n.° 1 (2017a), p. 29-45.
Heath-Kelly, Charlotte. «The geography of pre-criminal space: epidemiological imaginations of radicalisation risk in the UK Prevent Strategy, 2007–2017». Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 10, n.° 2 (2017b), p. 297-319.
Heath-Kelly, Charlotte y Strausz, Erzsébet. «The banality of counterterrorism “after, after 9/11”? Perspectives on the Prevent duty from the UK health care sector». Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 12, n.° 1 (2018), p. 89-109.
Hill, Ryan. «Counter-Extremism in British Schools: Ensuring Respect for Parents’ Rights Over Their Children’s Religious Upbringing». British Journal of Educational Studies, vol. 67, n.° 1 (2019), p. 115-129.
Institute of Race Relations. «Evidence to the UK parliamentary select committee inquiry on preventing violent extremism». Race & Class, vol. 51, n.° 3 (2010), p. 73-80.
Janmaat, Jan Germen. «Educational influences on young people’s support for fundamental British values». British Educational Research Journal, vol. 44, n.° 2 (2018), p. 251-273.
Jerome, Lee y Elwick, Alex. «Identifying an Educational Response to the Prevent Policy: Student Perspectives on Learning about Terrorism, Extremism and Radicalisation». British Journal of Educational Studies, vol. 67, n.° 1 (2019), p. 97-114.
Korn, Judy. «European CVE Strategies from a Practitioner’s Perspective. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science», vol. 668, n.° 1 (2016), p. 180-197.
Kundnani, Arun. «Radicalisation: the journey of a concept». Race & Class, vol. 54, n.° 2 (2012), p. 3-25.
Kundnani, Arun y Hayes, Ben. «The globalisation of Countering Violent Extremism policies. Undermining human rights, instrumentalising civil society». The Transnational Institute, (6 de marzo de 2018) (en línea) [Fecha de consulta: 12.04.2021] https://www.tni.org/en/publication/the-globalisation-of-countering-violent-extremism-policies
Kyriacou, Chris; Szczepek Reed, Beatrice; Said, Fatma y Davies, Ian. «British Muslim university students’ perceptions of Prevent and its impact on their sense of identity». Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, vol. 12, n.° 2 (2017), p. 97-110.
Lakhani, Suraj. «Social capital and the enactment of prevent duty: an empirical case-study of schools and colleges». Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 13, n.° 4 (2020), p. 660-679.
Lindekilde, Lasse. «Neo-liberal Governing of “Radicals”: Danish Radicalization Prevention Policies and Potential Iatrogenic Effects». International Journal of Conflict and Violence, vol. 6, n.° 1 (2012), p. 109-125.
Lowe, David. «Prevent Strategies: The Problems Associated in Defining Extremism: The Case of the United Kingdom». Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, vol. 40, n.° 11 (2017), p. 917-933.
Martin, Thomas. «Identifying potential terrorists: Visuality, security and the Channel project». Security Dialogue, vol. 49, n.° 4 (2018), p. 254-271.
Martini, Alice. The UN and counter-terrorism. Global Hegemonies, power and identities. Abingdon: Routledge, 2021.
Martini, Alice; Ford, Kieran y Jackson, Richard. Encountering Extremism: Theoretical Issues and Local Challenges. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020.
Mattsson, Chister y Säljö, Roger. «Violent Extremism, National Security and Prevention. Institutional Discourses and their Implications for Schooling». British Journal of Educational Studies, vol. 66, n.° 1 (2018), p. 109-125.
Mcglynn, Catherine y Mcdaid, Shaun. «Radicalisation and Higher Education: Students’ Understanding and Experiences». Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 31, n.° 3 (2019), p. 559-576.
Miah, Shamim. «School desegregation and the politics of ‘forced integration’». Race & Class, vol. 54, n.° 2 (2012), p. 26-38.
Morgades-Bamba, Clara Isabel; Raynal, Patrick y Chabrol, Henri. «Exploring the Radicalization Process in Young Women». Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 32, n.° 7 (2020), p. 1.439-1.457.
Mott, Gareth. «A Storm on the Horizon? “Twister” and the Implications of the Blockchain and Peer-to-Peer Social Networks for Online Violent Extremism». Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, vol. 42, n.° 1-2 (2019), p. 206-227.
Mythen, Gabe; Walklate, Sandra y Khan, Fatima. « “I’m a Muslim, but I’m not a Terrorist”: Victimization, Risky Identities and the Performance of Safety». British Journal of Criminology, vol. 49, n.° 6 (2019), p. 736-754.
Mythen, Gabe; Walklate, Sandra y Peatfield, Elizabeth-Jane. «Assembling and deconstructing radicalisation in PREVENT: A case of policy-based evidence making?». Critical Social Policy, vol. 37, n.° 2 (2017), p. 180-201.
Neumann, Peter. «The trouble with radicalization». International Affairs, vol. 89, n.° 4 (2013), p. 873-893.
O’Donnell, Aislinn. «Securitisation, Counterterrorism and the Silencing of Dissent: The Educational Implications of Prevent». British Journal of Educational Studies, vol. 64, n.° 1 (2016), p. 53-76.
O’Donnell, Aislinn. «Pedagogical injustice and counter-terrorist education». Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, vol. 12, n.° 2 (2017), p. 177-193.
Onursal, Recep y Kirkpatrick, Daniel. «Is Extremism the ‘New’ Terrorism? the Convergence of ‘Extremism’ and ‘Terrorism’ in British Parliamentary Discourse». Terrorism and Political Violence, (2019), p. 1-23.
Pantucci, Raffaello. «A contest to democracy? How the UK has responded to the current terrorist threat». Democratization, vol. 17, n.° 2 (2010), p. 251-271.
Parker, David; Lindekilde, Lasse y Gøtzsche‐astrup, Oluf. «Recognising and responding to radicalisation at the ‘frontline’: Assessing the capability of school teachers to recognise and respond to radicalisation». British Educational Research Journal, (2020) (en línea) https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3677
Pettinger, Tom. «British terrorism preemption: Subjectivity and disjuncture in Channel “de-radicalization” interventions». The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 71, (2020a), p. 970-984.
Pettinger, Tom. «CTS and normativity: the essentials of preemptive counter-terrorism interventions». Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 13, n.° 1 (2020b), p. 118-141.
Piasecka, Shelley. «Performing PREVENT: anti-extremist theatre-in-education in the service of UK counter-terrorism, a Freirean analysis». Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 12, n.° 4 (2019), p. 715-734.
Puigvert, Lídia; Aiello, Emilia; Oliver, Esther y Ramis-Salas, Mimar. «Grassroots community actors leading the way in the prevention of youth violent radicalization». PLoS ONE, vol. 15, n.° 10 (2020), p. 1-29.
Qureshi, Asim. «PREVENT: creating “radicals” to strengthen anti-Muslim narratives». Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 8, n.° 1 (2015), p. 181-191.
Ragazzi, Francesco. «Suspect community or suspect category? The impact of counter-terrorism as ‘policed multiculturalism’». Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 4, n.° 5 (2016), p. 724-741.
Ramsay, Peter. «Is Prevent a safe space?». Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, vol. 12, n.° 2 (2017), p. 143-158.
Rashid, Naaz. Veiled threats: Representing the Muslim woman in public policy discourses. Bristol: Policy Press, 2016.
Richards, Anthony. «From terrorism to ‘radicalization’ to ‘extremism’: counterterrorism imperative or loss of focus?». International Affairs, vol. 91, n.° 2 (2015), p. 371-380.
Schmid, Alex. «Radicalisation, De-radicalisation and counter-radicalisation: a conceptual discussion and literature review». International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - The Hague, Research Paper, (marzo de 2013) (en línea) [Fecha de consulta: 14.04.2021] http://www.icct.nl/app/uploads/download/file/ICCT-Schmid-Radicalisation-De-Radicalisation-Counter-Radicalisation-March-2013.pdf
Schmid, Alex. «Violent and Non-Violent Extremism: Two sides of the same coin? ». International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - The Hague, Research Paper, (mayo de 2014) (en línea) [Fecha de consulta: 14.04.2021] https://www.icct.nl/download/file/ICCT-Schmid-Violent-Non-Violent-Extremism-May-2014.pdf
Scott-Baumann, Alison. «Ideology, utopia and Islam on campus: How to free speech a little from its own terrors». Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, vol. 12, n.° 2 (2017), p. 159-176.
Silverman, Tanya. «U.K. Foreign Fighters to Syria and Iraq: The Need for a Real Community Engagement Approach». Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, vol. 40, n.° 12 (2017), p. 1.091-1.107.
Sjøen, Martin y Mattson, Christer. «Preventing radicalisation in Norwegian schools: how teachers respond to counter-radicalisation efforts». Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 13, n.° 2 (2020), p. 218-236.
Skoczylis, Joshua y Andrews, Sam. «A conceptual critique of Prevent: Can Prevent be saved? No, but…». Critical Social Policy, vol. 40, n.° 3 (2020), p. 350-369.
Spalek, Basia y Weeks, Douglas. «The Role of Communities in Counterterrorism: Analyzing Policy and Exploring Psychotherapeutic Approaches within Community Settings». Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, vol. 40, n.° 12 (2017), p. 991-1.003.
Spiller, Keith; Awan, Imran y Whiting, Anrew. «‘What does terrorism look like?’: university lecturers’ interpretations of their Prevent duties and tackling extremism in UK universities». Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 11, n.° 1 (2018), p. 130-150.
Stephens, William. y Sieckelinck, Stijn. «Being resilient to radicalisation in PEV policy: a critical examination». Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 13, n.° 1 (2020), p. 142-165.
Stevens, David. «Reasons to be Fearful, One, Two, Three: The ‘Preventing Violent Extremism’ Agenda». The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, vol. 13, n.° 2 (2011), p. 165-188.
Sukarieh, Mayssoun. y Tannock, Stuart «The deradicalisation of education: terror, youth and the assault on learning». Race & Class, vol. 57, n.° 4 (2016), p. 22-38.
Taylor, Joeal. «‘Suspect Categories,’ Alienation and Counterterrorism: Critically Assessing PREVENT in the UK». Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 32, n.° 4 (2020), p. 851-873.
Thomas, Paul. «Between Two Stools? The Government’s ‘Preventing Violent Extremism’ Agenda». The Political Quarterly, vol. 80, n.° 2 (2009), p. 282-291.
Thomas, Paul; Grossmann, Michele; Christmann, Kris y Miah, Shamim. «Community reporting on violent extremism by “intimates”: emergent findings from international evidence». Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 13, n.° 4 (2020), p. 638-659.
Trujillo, Humberto; Jordán, Javier; Gutiérrez, José y Gónzalez-Cabrera, Joaquín. «Radicalization in Prisons? Field Research in 25 Spanish Prisons». Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 21, n.° 4 (2009), p. 558-579.
Van de Weer, Annemarie y Eijkman, Quirine. «Subjectivity in detection of radicalisation and violent extremism: a youth worker’s perspective». Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, vol. 11, n.° 3 (2019), p. 191-214.
Van de Weert, Annemarie y Eijkman, Quirine. «Early detection of extremism? The local security professional on assessment of potential threats posed by youth». Crime, Law and Social Change, vol. 73, n.° 5 (2020), p. 491-507.
Vermeulen, Floris. «Suspect Communities–Targeting Violent Extremism at the Local Level: Policies of Engagement in Amsterdam, Berlin, and London». Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 26, n.° 2 (2014), p. 286-306.
Webber, Frances. «The inversion of accountability». Race & Class, vol. 58, n.° 2 (2016), p. 55-63.
Wolton, Suke. «The contradiction in the Prevent Duty: Democracy vs ‘British values»’. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, vol. 12, n.° 2 (2017), p. 123-142.
Younis, Tarek. «The psychologisation of counter-extremism: unpacking PREVENT». Race & Class, vol. 62, n.° 3 (2020), p. 37-60.
Articles més llegits del mateix autor/a
- Alice Martini, Oriente Medio y el equilibrio regional: el eterno dilema de la geopolítica mundial , Revista CIDOB d'afers internacionals: Núm. 137. Una nueva arquitectura de seguridad en Europa: la estrategia de la Unión Europea
Articles similars
- Verónica Yazmín García Morales, Josep Baqués Quesada, Xavier Torrens, Literatura dialógica en la prevención del extremismo violento (PEV): el discurso de odio ustacha , Revista CIDOB d'afers internacionals: Núm. 128 Prevenir el extremismo violento en Europa. Aproximaciones, métodos y estrategias
- Floris Vermeulen, Koen Visser, Prevención del extremismo violento en los Países Bajos: una panorámica de su enfoque general , Revista CIDOB d'afers internacionals: Núm. 128 Prevenir el extremismo violento en Europa. Aproximaciones, métodos y estrategias
- Moussa Bourekba, Detectar para prevenir: las estrategias de lucha contra el extremismo violento en España , Revista CIDOB d'afers internacionals: Núm. 128 Prevenir el extremismo violento en Europa. Aproximaciones, métodos y estrategias
- Santina Musolino, Las políticas de la UE para la prevención del extremismo violento: ¿un nuevo paradigma de acción? , Revista CIDOB d'afers internacionals: Núm. 128 Prevenir el extremismo violento en Europa. Aproximaciones, métodos y estrategias
- Daniel Koehler, La desradicalización en Alemania: prevenir y combatir el extremismo violento , Revista CIDOB d'afers internacionals: Núm. 128 Prevenir el extremismo violento en Europa. Aproximaciones, métodos y estrategias
- Fatima Lahnait, La lucha contra la radicalización en Francia: de la experimentación a la profesionalización , Revista CIDOB d'afers internacionals: Núm. 128 Prevenir el extremismo violento en Europa. Aproximaciones, métodos y estrategias
- Noam López, Diego Tuesta, Economías ilícitas y orden social: la frontera de Perú, Brasil y Colombia , Revista CIDOB d'afers internacionals: Núm. 111 Control de fronteras y derechos humanos: más allá de la seguridad
- Moussa Bourekba, Diego Muro, Introducción: ¿cambio de paradigma? Del antiterrorismo a la prevención del extremismo violento (PEV) , Revista CIDOB d'afers internacionals: Núm. 128 Prevenir el extremismo violento en Europa. Aproximaciones, métodos y estrategias
- Anabel Rodríguez Basanta, Aida Guillén Lanzarote, Prevención de la polarización social, el racismo y la xenofobia en conflictos vecinales en Barcelona , Revista CIDOB d'afers internacionals: Núm. 128 Prevenir el extremismo violento en Europa. Aproximaciones, métodos y estrategias
- Tahir Abbas, El alcance y los límites de la lucha contra el extremismo violento en el Reino Unido , Revista CIDOB d'afers internacionals: Núm. 128 Prevenir el extremismo violento en Europa. Aproximaciones, métodos y estrategias
També podeu iniciar una cerca avançada per similitud per a aquest article.